Small Animal Clinical Nutrition

The most comprehensive and practical small animal nutrition resource available.

Chapter 15: Feeding Reproducing Dogs References

AAFCO. (Association of American Feed Control Officials). Official Publication. 2007.

Bauer JE, Heinemann KM, Lees GE, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid accumulates in plasma of canine puppies raised on alpha-linolenic acid-rich milk during suckling but not when fed alpha-linolenic acid-rich diets after weaning. Journal of Nutrition 2006a; 136 (Suppl. 7): 2087S-2089S.

Bauer JE, Heinemann KM, Lees GE, et al. Retinal functions of young dogs are improved and maternal plasma phospholipids are altered with diets containing long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids during gestation, lactation, and after weaning. Journal of Nutrition 2006; 136 (Suppl.): 1991S-1994S.

Bebiak DM, Lawler DF, Reutzel LF. Nutrition and management of the dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 1987; 17: 505-533.

Bhaskaram L. Immunology of iron-deficient subjects. In: Chandra RK, ed. Nutrition and Immunology. New York, NY: AR Liss Inc, 1988; 149-168.

Biourge V, Sergheraert R. Hair pigmentation can be affected by diet in dogs. Proceedings of the Comparative Nutrition Society 2002; No. 4, Kirk-Baer, CL: 103-104.

Birch EE, Hoffman DR, Casteneda YS, et al. A randomized controlled trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of formula in term infants after weaning at 6 wk of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002; 75: 570-580.

Blaza SE, Booles D, Burger IH. Is carbohydrate essential for pregnancy and lactation in dogs? In: Burger IH, Rivers JPW, eds. Nutrition of the Dog and Cat. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989; 229-242.

Concannon PW, McCann JP, Temple M. Biology and endocrinology of ovulation, pregnancy and parturition in the dog. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1989; 39 (Suppl.): 3-25.
Crystal MA. Hypocalcemia. In: Tilley LP, Smith FWK Jr, eds. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2007; 706-707.

Crystal MA. Hypoglycemia. In: Tilley LP, Smith FWK Jr, eds. Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2007; 710-711.

Debraekeleer J, Gross KL, Zicker SC. Normal dogs. In: Hand MS, Thatcher CD, Remillard RL, et al, eds. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition, 4th ed. Topeka, KS: Mark Morris Institute, 2000; 213-260.

Diau G-Y, Loew ER, Wijendram V, et al. Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid influence on preterm baboon retinal composition and function. Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2003; 44: 4559-4566.

Donoghue S. Nutritional recommendations for reproductive performance. In: Kirk RW, Bonagura JD, eds. Current Veterinary Therapy XI. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co, 1992; 971-980.

Drazner FH, ed. Parathyroid glands and calcium metabolism. In: Small Animal Endocrinology. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1987; 121-160.

Fletcher MP, Gershwin ME, Keen CL, et al. Trace element deficiencies and immune responsiveness in human and animal models. In: Chandra RK, ed. Nutrition and Immunology. New York, NY: AR Liss Inc, 1988; 215-239.

Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie. Empfehlungen für die Versorgung mit Spurenelementen. In: Ausschuß für Bedarfsnormen der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf/Energy and Nutrient Requirements, No. 5 Hunde/Dogs. Frankfurt/Main, Germany: DLG Verlag, 1989d; 73-85.

Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie. Empfehlungen für die Versorgung mit Energie. In: Ausschuß für Bedarfsnormen der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie Energie- Nährstoffbedarf/Energy and Nutrient Requirements, No. 5 Hunde/Dogs. Frankfurt/Main, Germany: DLG Verlag, 1989a; 32-44.

Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie. Empfehlungen für die Versorgung mit Mengenelementen. In: Ausschuß für Bedarfsnormen der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf/Energy and Nutrient Requirements, No. 5 Hunde/Dogs. Frankfurt/Main, Germany: DLG Verlag, 1989c; 56-72.

Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie. Empfehlungen für die Versorgung mit Protein. In: Ausschuß für Bedarfsnormen der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf/ Energy and Nutrient Requirements, No. 5 Hunde/Dogs. Frankfurt/ Main, Germany: DLG Verlag, 1989b; 45-55.

Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie. Grunddaten für die Berechnung des Energie- und Nährstoffbedarfs. In: Ausschuß für Bedarfsnormen der Gesellschaft für Ernährungs-physiologie Energie-Nährstoffbedarf/Energy and Nutrient Requirements, No. 5 Hunde/Dogs. Frankfurt/Main, Germany: DLG Verlag, 1989; 9-31.

Grandjean D, Paragon B-M, Grandjean R. Rationnement alimentaire et prévention chez le chien 1. Le Point Vétérinaire 1986; 18: 519-524.

Grandjean D, Paragon B-M, Grandjean R. Rationnement alimentaire et prévention chez le chien 2. Le Point Vétérinaire 1987; 19: 171-177.

Gross KL. Effect of diet on composition of milk from dogs (abstract). In: Abstract Book. Waltham Symposium on the Nutrition of Companion Animals, Adelaide, Australia, September 23-25, 1993: 29.

Heinemann KM, Waldron MK, Bigley KE, et al. Long-chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are more efficient than alpha-linolenic acid in improving electroretinogram responses of puppies exposed during gestation, lactation, and weaning. Journal of Nutrition 2005; 135: 1960-1966.

Hoffman DR, Birch EE, Castaneda YS, et al. Visual function in breast-fed term infants weaned to formula with or without long-chain polyunsaturates at 4 to 6 months: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pediatrics 2003; 142: 669-677.

Houpt KA, Coren B, Hintz HF, et al. Effects of sex and reproductive status on sucrose preference, food intake, and body weight of dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1979; 174: 1083-1085.

Kaneko JJ, ed. Serum proteins and the dysproteinemias. In: Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 4th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc, 1989; 142-165.

Kelley RL, Lepine AJ, Burr JR, et al. Effect of dietary fish oil on puppy trainability. 6th Congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. 2004: 45338.

Kienzle E, Meyer H, Lohrie H. Einfluß kohlenhydratfreier Rationen mit unterschiedlichen Protein/Energierelationen auf foetale Entwicklung und Vitalität von Welpen sowie die Milchzusammensetzung von Hündinnen. Fortschritte in der Tierphysiologie und Tierernährung (Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition) 1985; Suppl. No. 16: 73-99.

Kienzle E, Meyer H. The effects of carbohydrate-free diets containing different levels of protein on reproduction in the bitch. In: Burger IH, Rivers JPW, eds. Nutrition of the Dog and Cat. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989; 243-257.

Leibetseder J. Ernährung der Zuchthündin und der Junghunde. Der Praktischer Tierarzt 1989; 70: 12-20.

Lewis LD, Morris ML Jr, Hand MS. Dogs–Feeding and care. In: Small Animal Clinical Nutrition III. Topeka, KS: Mark Morris Associates, 1987; 3-1–3-32.

McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, et al. Feeding standards for reproduction. In: Animal Nutrition, 5th ed. Harlow (Essex), UK: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1995; 353-371.

Meyer H, Dammers C, Kienzle E. Körperzusammensetzung neugeborener Welpen und Nährstoffbedarf trägender Hündinnen. Fortschritte in der Tierphysiologie und Tierernährung (Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition) 1985a; Suppl. No. 16: 7-25.

Meyer H, Heckötter E. II. Empfehlungen zur Versorgung des Hundes mit Energie und Nährstoffen. In: Meyer H, ed. Futterwerttabellen für Hunde und Katzen. Hannover, Germany: Schlütersche Verlaganstalt, 1986; 9-12.

Meyer H, Kienzle E, Dammers C. Milchmenge und Milchzusammensetzung bei und Hündin sowie Futteraufnahme und Gewichtsenwicklung ante und post partum. Fortschritte in der Tierphysiologie und Tierernährung (Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition) 1985; Suppl. No. 16: 51-72.

Meyer H, Mundt H-C, Thomée A. Untersuchungen über den Einfluß der Fütterungsfrequenz auf Futteraufnahme und Verdaulichkeit bei wachsenden und adulten Hunden. Kleintierpraxis 1980; 25: 267-274.

Meyer H. Mineralstoffe: Mengenelemente. In: Ernährung des Hundes. Stuttgart, Germany: E Ulmer Verlag, 1990a; 89-100.

Meyer H. Mineralstoffwechsel und Mineralstoffbedarf bei Hündinnen und Saugwelpen (Mineral metabolism and requirements in bitches and suckling pups). In: Anderson RS, ed. Proceedings. First Nordic Symposium on Small Animal Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway September 15-18, 1982. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press 1982; 13-24.

Meyer H. Praktische Fütterung. In: Ernährung des Hundes, 2nd ed. Stuttgart, Germany: E Ulmer Verlag, 1990; 162-223.

Meyer H. Sonstige essentielle bzw. semi-essentielle Stoffe. In: Ernährung des Hundes. Stuttgart, Germany: E Ulmer Verlag, 1990b; 120-122.

Mosier JE. Introduction to canine pediatrics. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 1978; 8: 3-5.

Mosier JE. Nutritional recommendations for gestation and lactation in the dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 1977; 7: 683-692.

Mosier JE. The puppy from birth to six weeks. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 1978a; 8: 79-100.

Mundt H-C, Thomée A, Meyer H. Zur Energie- und Eiweißversorgung von Saugwelpen über die Muttermilch. Kleintierpraxis 1981; 26: 353-360.

Nguyen P, Dumon H. Les besoins nutritifs du chien. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 1988; 139: 1027-1043.

NRC. (National Research Council). Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.

Oftedal OT. Lactation in the dog: Milk composition and intake by puppies. Journal of Nutrition 1984; 114: 803-812.

Ontko JA, Phillips PH. Reproduction and lactation studies with bitches fed semipurified diets. Journal of Nutrition 1958; 65: 211-218.

Paquin J. Observations sur le comportement de chiens Beagle alimentés avec différents taux de protéines pendant trente mois. Thèse pour le Doctorat Vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, (France) 1979; 55.

Pawlosky RJ, Denkins Y, Ward G, et al. Retinal and brain accretion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in developing felines: The effects of corn oil-based maternal diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997; 65: 465-472.

Pellett PL. Food energy requirements in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990; 51: 711-722.

Prentice A, Goldberg G. Maternal obesity increases congenital malformations. Nutrition Reviews 1996; 54: 146-152.

Rasmussen KM. The influence of maternal nutrition on lactation. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 1992; 12: 103-117.

Romsos DR, Palmer HJ, Muiruri KL, et al. Influence of a low carbohydrate diet on performance of pregnant and lactating dogs. Journal of Nutrition 1981; 111: 678-689.

Rothbauer DL. Milk production and health in dairy cattle: Homeostasis, homeorrhesis, and nutrient flow. Veterinary Medicine 1994; 89: 1157-1162.

Rüsse I. Die Laktation der Hündin. Zentralblatt für Veterinär Medizin 1961; 8: 252-281.

Scantlebury M, Butterwick R, Speakman JR. Energetics of lactation in domestic dog (Canis familiaris) breeds of two sizes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 2000; Part A: 197-210.

Schaeffer MC, Rogers QR, Morris JG. Protein in the nutrition of dogs and cats. In: Burger IH, Rivers JPW, eds. Nutrition of the Dog and Cat. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989; 159-205.

Schroeder GE, Smith GA. Bodyweight and feed intake of German shepherd bitches during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1995; 36: 7-10.

Schroeder GE, Smith GA. Food intake and growth of German shepherd puppies. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1994; 35: 587-591.

Sheffy BE. Nutrition and nutritional disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 1978; 8: 7-29.

Siedler AJ, Schweigert BS. Effect of the level of animal fat in the diet on the maintenance, reproduction and lactation performance of dogs. Journal of Nutrition 1954; 53: 187-194.

Smith FO. Postpartum diseases. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 1986; 16: 521-524.

Stadtfeld G. Untersuchungen über die Körperzusammensetzung des Hundes. Inaugural-Dissertation (Thesis), Hannover, Germany, 1978.

Wallace MS, Davidson AP. Abnormalities in pregnancy, parturition and the periparturient period. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co, 1995; 1614-1624.

Wolter R. Rationement pratique–2. Reproduction. In: L'alimentation du Chien et du Chat. Maisons-Alfort, France: Les Éditions du Point Vétérinaire, 1982; 129-143.

Yeager AE, Concannon PW. Ultrasonography of the reproductive tract of the female dog and cat. In: Bonagura JD, ed. Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co, 1995; 1040-1052.

Zentek J, Meyer H. Energieaufnahme adulter Deutscher Doggen. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 1992; 105: 325-327.


Box 15-1 Bibliography

Edwards CM, Bedford CJ, Miller RI, et al. Ketonaemia in three pregnant bitches. Australian Veterinary Practitioner 1994; 24: 122-124.

Jackson RF, Bruss ML, Growney PJ, et al. Hypoglycemia-ketonemia in a pregnant bitch. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1980; 177: 1123-1127.

Kienzle E, Meyer H, Lohrie H. Einfluß kohlenhydratfreier Rationen mit unterschiedlichen Protein/Energierelationen auf foetale Entwicklung und Vitalität von Welpen sowie die Milchzusammensetzung von Hündinnen. Fortschritte in der Tierphysiologie und Tierernährung (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie, Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde). (Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition [Supplement to Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition]) 1985; Suppl. No 16: 73-99.

Kienzle E, Meyer H. The effects of carbohydrate-free diets containing different levels of protein on reproduction in the bitch. In: Burger IH, Rivers JPW, eds. Nutrition of the Dog and Cat. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989; 243-257.

Meyer H. Praktische Fütterung. In: Ernährung des Hundes, 2nd ed. Stuttgart, Germany: E Ulmer Verlag, 1990; 162-223.

Moore AH, Wotton PR. Preparturient hypoglycaemia in two bitches. Veterinary Record 1993; 133: 396-397.

Romsos DR, Palmer HJ, Muiruri KL, et al. Influence of a low carbohydrate diet on performance of pregnant and lactating dogs. Journal of Nutrition 1981; 111: 678-689.


Box 15-2 Bibliography

Aroch I, Srebro H, Shpigel NY. Serum electrolyte concentrations in bitches with eclampsia. Veterinary Record 1999;145(11); 318-320.

Austad R, Bjerkas E. Eclampsia in the bitch. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1976; 17: 793-798.

Biddle D, Macintire DK. Obstetrical Emergencies. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 2000; 15(2): 88-93.

Drazner FH, ed. Parathyroid glands and calcium metabolism. Small Animal Endocrinology. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1987; 121-160.

Drobatz KJ, Casey KK. Eclampsia in dogs: 31 cases (1995-1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2000; 217(2): 216-219.

Freshman JL. Eclampsia. In: Tilley LP, Smith WKS, eds. The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004; 388.

Goff JP, Horst RL, Reinhardt TA. The pathophysiology and prevention of milk fever. Veterinary Medicine 1987; 82: 943-950.

Linde-Forsberg C. Abnormalities in pregnancy, parturition, and the periparturient period. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders, 2005; 1667.

Mayer P. Die Eklampsie beim Fleischfresser. Wiener Tierärtzliche Monatschrift 1968; 55: 592-594.

Meuten DJ, Armstrong PJ. Parathyroid disease and calcium metabolism. In: Ettinger SJ, ed. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co, 1989; 1610-1631.

Meyer H, Dammers C, Kienzle E. Körperzusammensetzung neugeborener Welpen und Nährstoffbedarf trägender Hündinnen. Fortschritte in der Tierphysiologie und Tierernährung (Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition) 1985; Suppl. No. 16: 7-25.

Smith FO. Postpartum diseases. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 1986; 16: 521-524.

Smith-Carr S. Gynecologic emergencies. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, eds. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders, 2005; 450-451.

Wikström B. Eklampsi hos tik. Svensk Vet Tidskrift 1974; 26: 34-35.



mmi logo
© 2022 Mark Morris Institute