Small Animal Clinical Nutrition

The most comprehensive and practical small animal nutrition resource available.

Chapter 7: Antioxidants References


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Anderson DK, Waters TR, Means ED. Pretreatment with alpha tocopherol enhances neurologic recovery after experimental spinal cord compression injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 1988; 5: 61-67.

Azzi A, Gysin R, Kempná P, et al. Regulation of gene expression by -tocopherol. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004; 385: 585-591.

Baskin CR, Hinchcliff KW, DiSilvestro RA, et al. Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation on oxidative damage and resistance to oxidative damage during prolonged exercise in sled dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2000; 61: 886-891.

Carbonaro M, Grant G. Absorption of quercetin and rutin in rat small intestine. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2005; 49: 178-182.

Center SA, Randolph JF, Warner KL, et al. The effects of S-adenosy-L-methionine on clinical pathology and redox potential in the red blood cell, liver, and bile of clinically normal cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2005; 19: 303-314.

Chatterjee IB, Majumder AK, Nandi BK, et al. Synthesis and some major functions of vitamin C in animals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1975; 258: 24-47.

Chen LH. An increase in vitamin E requirements induced by high supplementation of vitamin C in rats. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981; 34: 1036-1041.

Chew BP, Park JS, Weng BC, et al. Dietary β-carotene absorption by blood plasma and leukocytes in domestic cats. Journal of Nutrition 2000a; 130: 2322-2325.

Chew BP, Park JS, Weng BC, et al. Dietary β-carotene is taken up by blood plasma and leukocytes in dogs. Journal of Nutrition 2000; 130: 1788-1791.

Chew BP, Park JS, Wong TS, et al. Dietary β-carotene stimulates cell-mediated and humoral immune response in dogs. Journal of Nutrition 2000b; 130: 1910-1913.

Combs GF, Jr. Impact of selenium and cancer-prevention findings on the nutrition-health paradigm. Nutrition and Cancer 2001; 40: 6-11.

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Devlin P, Koelsch S, Heaton P, et al. The maintenance of a vaccine induced immune response in adult and senior dogs fed an antioxidant supplemented diet. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 2001; 23 (Suppl.) (9A): 96.

Dorfman LM, Adams GE. Reactivity of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solutions. National Standard Reference System. National Bureau of Standards, Washington. D.C: Monograph NSRDS-NBS 46, 1973; 1-59.

Foster DJ, Thoday KL, Arthur JR, et al. Selenium status of cats in four regions of the world and comparison with reported incidence of hyperthyroidism in cats in those regions. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2001; 62: 934-937.

Fujimoto S, Mizoi K, Yoshimoto T, et al. The protective effect of vitamin E on cerebral ischemia. Surgical Neurology 1984; 22: 449-454.

Goldstein BJ, Mahadev K, Wu X, et al. Role of insulin-induced reactive oxygen species in the insulin signaling pathway. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 2005; 7: 1021-1031.

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Hacquebard M, Carpentier YA. Vitamin E: Absorption, plasma transport and cell uptake. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2005; 8: 133-138.

Haddad JJ. Antioxidant and prooxidant mechanisms in the regulation of redox(y)-sensitive transcription factors. Cellular Signaling 2002; 14: 879-897.

Hall ED. Intensive anti-oxidant pretreatment retards motor nerve degeneration. Brain Research 1987; 413: 175-178.

Hall JA, Tooley KA, Gradin JL, et al. Effects of dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and vitamin E on the immune response of healthy geriatric dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2003; 64: 762-772.

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Harris PL, Embree ND. Quantitative consideration of the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the diet upon the requirements for vitamin E. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1963; 13: 385-392.

Hayek MG, Massimino SP, Burr JR, et al. Dietary vitamin E improves immune function in cats. In: Reinhart GA, Carey DP, eds. Recent advances in canine and feline nutrition, vol. III. Wilmington, OH: Orange Frazer Press, 2000; 555-563.

Hayes KC, Nielsen SW, Rousseau JE, Jr. Vitamin E deficiency and fat stress in the dog. Journal of Nutrition 1969; 99: 196-209.

Head E, Liu J, Hagen TM, et al. Oxidative damage increases with age in a canine model of human brain aging. Journal of Neurochemistry 2002; 82: 375-381.

Heywood R, Palmer AK, Gregson RL, et al. The toxicity of beta-carotene. Toxicology 1985; 36: 91-100.

Hill AS, O’Neill S, Rogers QR, et al. Antioxidant prevention of Heinz body formation and oxidative injury in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2001; 62: 370-374.

Hill AS, Rogers QR, O’Neill SL, et al. Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation before and after oral acetaminophen challenge in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2005; 66: 196-204.

Hill AS, Werner JA, Rogers QR, et al. Lipoic acid is 10 times more toxic in cats than reported in humans, dogs or rats. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berlin) 2004; 88: 150-156.

Howitz KT, Bitterman KJ, Cohen HY, et al. Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature 2003; 425: 191-196.

Hughes G, Murphy MP, Ledgerwood EC. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate the temporal activation of nuclear factor kappaB to modulate tumour necrosis factor-induced apoptosis: Evidence from mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Biochemical Journal 2005; 389 (Part 1): 83-89.

Innes JRM. Vitamin C requirements of the dog. Attempts to produce experimental scurvy, 2nd report: Director, Cambridge Institute of Animal Pathology, 1931; 143.

Jewell DE, Toll PW, Wedekind KJ, et al. Effect of dietary antioxidants on concentrations of vitamin E and total alkenals in serum of dogs and cats. Veterinary Therapeutics 2000; 1 (4): 264-272.

Jewell DE, Yu S, Joshi DK. Effects of serum vitamin E levels on skin vitamin E levels in dogs and cats. Veterinary Therapeutics 2002; 3: 235-243.

Jorge PA, Osaki MR, de Almeida E, et al. Effects of vitamin E on endothelium-dependent coronary flow in hypercholesterolemic dogs. Atherosclerosis 1996; 126: 43-51.

Kearns RJ, Loos KM, Chew BP, et al. The effect of age and dietary β-carotene on immunological parameters in the dog. In: Reinhart GA, Carey DP, eds. Recent advances in canine and feline nutrition, vol III. Wilmington, OH; Orange Frazer Press, 2000; 389-401.

Kienzle E, Maiwald E. Effect of vitamin C on urine pH in cats. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berlin) 1998; 80: 134-139.

Kim HW, Chew BP, Wong TS, et al. Dietary lutein stimulates immune response in the canine. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2000a; 74: 315-327.

Kim HW, Chew BP, Wong TS, et al. Modulations of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by dietary lutein in cats. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 2000; 73: 331-341.

Kim YY, Mahan DC. Prolonged feeding of high dietary levels of organic and inorganic selenium to gilts from 25 kg body weight through one parity. Journal of Animal Science 2001; 79: 956-966.

Koller LD, Exon JH. The two faces of selenium–deficiency and toxicity–are similar in animals and man. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 1986; 50: 297-306.

Körner WF, Weber F. Zur Toleranz hoher Ascorbinsäuredosen. Internat. ZErn Forschung 1972; 42: 528-544.

Kutuk O, Basaga H. Aspirin prevents apoptosis and NF-kappaB activation induced by H2O2 in hela cells. Free Radical Research 2003; 37: 1267-1276.

Leonard SW, Good CK, Gugger ET, et al. Vitamin E bioavailability from fortified breakfast cereal is greater than that from encapsulated supplements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004; 79: 86-92.

Liu J, Head E, Gharib AM, et al. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: Partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha-lipoic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2002; 99: 2356-2361.

Lykkesfeldt J, Hagen TM, Vinarsky V, et al. Age-associated decline in ascorbic acid concentration, recycling, and biosynthesis in rat hepatocytesreversal with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 1998; 12: 1183-1189.

Magwere T, West M, Murphy MP, et al. The effects of exogenous antioxidants on lifespan and oxidative resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2006; 170: 356-370.

Marshall RJ, Scott KC, Hill RC, et al. Supplemental vitamin C appears to slow racing greyhounds. Journal of Nutrition 2002; 132 (Suppl. 6): 1616S-1621S.

Massey LK, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales SA. Ascorbate increases human oxaluria and kidney stone risk. Journal of Nutrition 2005; 135: 1673-1677.

McKenzie RC, Rafferty TS, Beckett GJ. Selenium: An essential element for immune function. Immunology Today 1998; 19: 342-345.

Meydani SN, Hayek M, Wu D, et al. Vitamin E and immune response in aged dogs. In: Reinhart GA, Carey DP, eds. Recent Advances in Canine and Feline Nutrition, vol II. Wilmington, OH: Orange Frazer Press, 1998; 295-303.

Michels AJ, Joisher N, Hagen TM. Age-related decline of sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysiology 2003; 410: 112-120.

Mortola E, Okuda M, Ohno K, et al. Inhibition of apoptosis and virus replication in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cells by N-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 1998; 60: 1187-1193.

Naismith DH. Ascorbic acid requirements of the dog. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1958; 17: xlii-xliii.

Neve J. Selenium as a ‘nutraceutical’: How to conciliate physiological and supra-nutritional effects for an essential trace element. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2002; 5: 659-663.

NRC. (Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 2006.

Phelps DL. Local and systemic reactions to the parenteral administration of vitamin E. Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1981; 2: 156-171.

Piercy RJ, Hinchcliff KW, DiSilvestro RA, et al. Effect of dietary supplements containing antioxidants on attenuation of muscle damage in exercising sled dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2000; 61: 1438-1445.

Piercy RJ, Hinchcliff KW, Morley PS, et al. Association between vitamin E and enhanced athletic performance in sled dogs. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001; 33: 826-833.

Pillai SR, Traber MG, Steiss JE, et al. Alpha-tocopherol concentrations of the nervous system and selected tissues of adult dogs fed three levels of vitamin E. Lipids 1993; 28: 1101-1105.

Pillai SR, Traber MG, Steiss JE, et al. Depletion of adipose tissue and peripheral nerve alpha-tocopherol in adult dogs. Lipids 1993a; 28: 1095-1099.

Robertson JE, Christopher MM, Rogers QR. Heinz body anemia in cats fed baby food containing onion powder. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1998; 212: 1260-1266.

Rotruck JT, Ganther HE, Swanson AB, et al. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 1973; 179: 588-590.

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Scallon LJ, Burke JM, Mieler WF, et al. Canthaxanthine-induced retinal pigment epithelial changes in the cat. Current Eye Research 1988; 7: 687-693.

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Scott KC, Hill RC, Lewis DD, et al. Effect of alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on vitamin E concentrations in Greyhounds before and after a race. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2001; 62: 1118-1120.

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Wallace KP, Center SA, Hickford FH, et al. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) for the treatment of acetaminophen toxicity in a dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2002; 38: 246-254.

Wang S, Berge GE, Hoem NO, et al. Pharmacokinetics in dogs after oral administration of two different forms of ascorbic acid. Research in Veterinary Science 2001; 71: 27-32.

Webb CB, Twedt DC, Fettman MJ, et al. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in a feline acetaminophen model of oxidative injury. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2003; 5: 69-75.

Wedekind KJ, Howard KA, Backus RC, et al. Determination of the selenium requirement in kittens. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2003; 87: 315-323.

Wedekind KJ, Kirk CA, Yu S, et al. Defining safe lower and upper limits for selenium in adult cats. Journal of Animal Science 2003a; 81 (Suppl. 1): 90.

Wedekind KJ, Kirk CA, Yu S, et al. Defining the safe lower and upper limit for selenium in adult dogs. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 2002; 16: A992.

Wedekind KJ, Zicker SC, Lowry S, et al. Antioxidant status of adult beagles is affected by dietary antioxidant intake. Journal of Nutrition 2002a; 132: 1658S-1660S.

Yu S, Gross KL. Moderate dietary vitamin C supplement does not affect urinary oxalate concentration in cats. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berlin) 2005; 89: 428-429.

Yu S, Paetau-Robinson I. Dietary supplements of vitamin E and C and beta-carotene reduce oxidative stress in cats with renal insufficiency. Veterinary Research Communications 2006; 30: 403-413.

Zicker SC, Hagen TM, Joisher N, et al. Safety of long-term feeding of dl--lipoic acid and its effect on reduced glutathione: Oxidized glutathione ratios in beagles. Veterinary Therapeutics 2002; 3: 167-176.

Zicker SC. Cognitive and behavioral assessment in dogs and pet food market applications. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2005; 29; 455-459.



Box 7-1 Bibliography

Beckman KB, Ames BN. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiological Reviews 1998; 78: 547-581.

Harman D. Aging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. Journals of Gerontology 1956; 11: 298-300.






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